Excerpt from Distichiasis

Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: abnormal eyelash growth, extra eyelashes, meibomian glands

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Background

Distichiasis is a rare disorder defined as the abnormal growth of lashes from the orifices of the meibomian glands on the posterior lamella of the tarsal plate (see Media file 1).

Two types of distichiasis can be identified, acquired and congenital. In the acquired form, most cases involve the lower lids. Lashes can be fully formed or very fine, pigmented or nonpigmented, properly oriented or misdirected. The congenital form is dominantly inherited with complete penetrance. It can be isolated or associated with ptosis, strabismus, congenital heart defect, or mandibulofacial dysostosis. This defect may be related to the epithelial germ cells failure to differentiate completely to meibomian glands, instead they become pilosebaceous units.

Pathophysiology

Distichiasis can affect the lower and upper lids (see Media files 1-2). When these abnormal lashes come in contact with the cornea, they may cause severe irritation, epiphora, corneal abrasion, or even corneal ulcers.

Frequency

United States

Distichiasis is a rare disorder.

Race

Distichiasis has been seen in all ethnic backgrounds.

Sex

This condition shows no sex discrimination.

Age

Distichiasis has been seen in all ages.

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