AUTHOR AND EDITOR INFORMATION

Section 1 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

INTRODUCTION

Section 2 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Background

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a relatively uncommon osteolytic-pigmented neoplasm that primarily affects the jaws of newborn infants. The lesion has had an interesting history since its initial description by Krompecker in 1918 as a congenital melanocarcinoma.

For the next 5 decades, the lesion was reported under a variety of different names as succeeding authors attempted to identify the cell of origin. Some of the terms applied to this lesion included pigmented ameloblastoma, retinal anlage tumor, melanotic progonoma, melanotic epithelial odontoma, pigmented teratoma, atypical melanoblastoma, melanotic adamantinoma, pigmented epulis, retinal choristoma, melanoameloblastoma, and retinoblastic teratoma. These terms reflected theories of suspected origin from the odontogenic apparatus, the pigmented anlage of the retina, or the sensory neuroectodermal tissues.

In 1966, Borello and Gorlin reported a case with high urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), suggesting a neural crest origin, and they proposed the term melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Since then, numerous histochemical, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and tissue culture studies have supported the neural crest origin and confirmed the preferred term of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy.

Pathophysiology

Several patients with MNTI have demonstrated a high urinary excretion of VMA. This finding adds credence to a neural crest origin because elevated VMA has been reported in neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and other neural crest tumors. However, the presence of urinary VMA is not diagnostic for MNTI.

Frequency

United States

Approximately 200 cases of MNTI have been reported in the literature. An exact number is difficult to discern because of the variety of terms that have been applied to the lesion in the past.

Sex

The sexual predilection is nearly equal, with a male-to-female ratio of 6:7.

Age

Most patients, by some estimates more than 90%, present with the tumor in the first year of life, usually from age 1-6 months. The mean age of patients with MNTI is 4.3 months. Although extremely rare, a few cases of MNTI have been reported in adults, notably, a 23-year-old man, a 24-year-old woman, and a 67-year-old woman.

CLINICAL

Section 3 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

History

• Although MNTI is classified as a benign lesion, it is often clinically worrisome because of its rapid onset and alarming local growth rate.
• Often, sucking and feeding are impaired secondary to the swelling.
• The patient is usually asymptomatic.

Physical

• The typical MNTI begins as a nonulcerated, lightly pigmented, blue or black lesion on the anterior aspect of the maxilla and rapidly expands to form a swelling or a tumescence that is cosmetically obvious to the parents of the infant.
• The intraoral lesion appears as a sessile, lobulated mass, often reaching 2-4 cm in diameter by the time of diagnosis.
• Bone destruction and displacement of teeth often occur because of the intraosseous location in the maxilla.
• No thrill or pulse can be elicited from the MNTI. Although the lesion expands rapidly, the overlying mucosa remains intact.
• More than 90% of MNTI occur in the head and neck region, with most on the anterior part of the maxillary ridge. Other common sites include the skull, the mandible, the epididymis, and the brain. Rare lesions have been reported in the shoulder, the skin, the femur, the mediastinum, and the uterus.
• All but 2 of the reported cases have been solitary lesions.

Causes

See Pathophysiology.

DIFFERENTIALS

Section 4 of 10  

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• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Other Problems to be Considered

Consider clinical, radiographic, laboratory, and histologic findings when establishing a proper differential diagnosis for MNTI. The MNTI often presents as a fast-growing lesion, suggesting a clinical impression of infection or malignant neoplasm. The location in the anterior aspect of the maxilla is consistent with a number of odontogenic cysts and tumors; however, the odontogenic cysts (eg, periapical cyst, dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, calcifying odontogenic cyst) occur in an older age group, teenaged through middle-aged adults. The same age differential is noted with respect to the more common odontogenic tumors (eg, ameloblastoma, odontoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, ameloblastic fibroma, odontogenic myxoma, odontogenic fibroma).

In addition to a diagnosis of MNTI, the young age of the patient as well as the maxillary location is also compatible with a clinical diagnosis of congenital epulis of the newborn. Many nonodontogenic tumors are possible in the jaws, including central giant cell granuloma, ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, hemangioma, arteriovenous malformation, craniopharyngioma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and lymphoma. However, only Langerhans cell histiocytosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and lymphoma are common in young children.

The radiographic appearance of a maxillary alveolar low-density radiolucency, containing no evidence of calcification, is consistent with any of the odontogenic cysts or tumors. Additionally, many of the aforementioned nonodontogenic lesions may also present with a radiographic appearance similar to that of MNTI.

Once a differential diagnosis is established from the clinical and radiographic findings, histologic evaluation is necessary to determine the final diagnosis. The histologic appearance of MNTI is usually that of a small, dark, cell neoplasm suggestive of neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing tumor, lymphoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Although the histologic appearance is characteristic, special immunohistochemical stains and electron microscopy may be necessary to make a definitive diagnosis.

WORKUP

Section 5 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Lab Studies

• Typically, the hematologic laboratory values as well as the blood chemistry values are within the reference range. The only noteworthy laboratory value documented in some but not all patients with MNTI is an increase in the urinary level of MVA. Elevated MVA has been reported in other tumors of neural crest origin, such as pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, and neuroblastoma. As is the case for these lesions, the urinary level of VMA returns to the reference range after surgical removal of a MNTI that has caused elevated VMA. Additionally, no correlation between the presence of elevated VMA and more aggressive or malignant clinical behavior has been shown.

Imaging Studies

• Plain dental radiography, CT scanning, and MRI have been used to evaluate the content and the extent of MNTI.
• • The radiographic appearance of MNTI within bone is a well-circumscribed radiolucency, although diffuse, ill-defined examples have also been reported. The bone is destroyed as the tumor advances, suggesting a malignant process. Although a few cases have been described as multiloculated, most MNTI are unilocular. In its typical premaxillary position, the tumor can displace or destroy the developing deciduous and permanent dentition. The MNTI that occurs predominantly within the marrow spaces of the maxilla and, on plain radiographs, appears as an irregular radiolucency. These characteristics are noted best on maxillary occlusal, sinus views, or periapical images of the involved area.
  • CT scanning with intravenous contrast is often used to delineate the margins of osseous involvement.
  • Additionally, MRI with gadolinium contrast can be used to evaluate the bony extent of the lesion. Most MNTI appear as typical soft tissue tumors with nonenhancing heterogeneous tissue density; however, on T1-weighted MRI, for the few MNTI that contain a large amount of melanin, a higher signal intensity often occurs. At no times are flow voids suggestive of a central hemangioma.

Procedures

• Upon completion of the clinical examination of the patient as well as the imaging studies and urinalysis, the definitive diagnosis of MNTI is based on the histologic evaluation of a surgical specimen. Grossly, the specimen has a gray, hard, rubbery consistency with foci of blue-black pigmentation. Additionally, entrapped developing tooth buds may be noted in the specimen as MNTI grows in and around the odontogenic apparatus.

Histologic Findings

The histologic appearance of MNTI is unique and characteristic in that a distinct biphasic pattern exists. A moderately vascular fibrous background supports the MNTI. The peripheral borders are faintly noted, at best, by a thin, delicate, fibrous layer; however, most often, this nonencapsulated tumor shows local infiltration into the adjacent bone.

One portion of the lesion contains large polygonal cells arranged in sheets or alveolarlike structures. These large cells appear, under hematoxylin and eosin staining, to have pale abundant cytoplasm and pale nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin. These cells often contain the melanin pigment that gives the MNTI its blue-black clinical appearance.

Fontana stain can be used to enhance the demonstration of the melanin pigment. The cuboidal polygonal cells are at the periphery of the alveolar spaces, while the central portion contains the second smaller characteristic cell type. These cells are lymphocytelike or neuroblastlike with small, dark nuclei and little, if any, cytoplasm. These cells occasionally also form isolated clusters of their own within the fibrous stroma. Throughout the lesion, mitoses are rare but, when present, are normal in appearance. Cellular pleomorphism is scant. The few reported malignant cases of MNTI have little variation from the description above other than an increase in mitoses (3 or more per high-power field), hypercellularity, and focal necrosis. The malignant diagnosis is more one of increased growth rate, infiltration, and metastases. Metastatic lesions have been described in the lymph nodes, the liver, the adrenal gland, the spinal cord, and a variety of other sites.

Immunohistochemistry is of assistance in cases that are more difficult to diagnose. The cuboidal cells express cytokeratin as well as melanoma-associated antigen (HMB-45), but they are usually negative for S-100. Some cells are also positive for vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron specific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin.

Electron microscopic examination demonstrates ultrastructural evidence of neural, epithelial, and melanocytic features. Fine, delicate cytoplasmic fibers are suggestive of neurofibrils, reminiscent of glial tissue. Typically, some of the cells demonstrate neurosecretory granules. Evidence exists of basal laminae and interdigitating desmosomal attachments to adjacent cells, which is suggestive of epithelial features in some cells. Finally, melanosomes are noted in many of the cuboidal cells.

The polygonal cells noted for their melanin production have been cultured in vitro. These cells developed long dendritic processes suggestive of their neural crest origin. Additionally, melanotransferrin expression has been noted with DNA analysis of these cells. The other small, dark, neuroblastlike cells have also been studied; however, to date, no molecular genetic basis to link MNTI to neuroblastoma is apparent.

TREATMENT

Section 6 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Surgical Care

The treatment of choice for MNTI is surgical excision, and it is usually curative. This treatment can usually be accomplished with a partial maxillectomy by using a Weber-Fergusson incision and a facial degloving approach. Teeth, developing teeth, and the adjacent bone must be sacrificed when they lie near the borders of MNTI, since many clinicians advocate that a 5-mm margin of healthy tissue be included with the surgical specimen.

The possibility of local recurrence is a problem that has been documented to range from 10-60% of patients depending on the study quoted. Overall, the average recurrence rate is 15-20%. The recurrent lesions, possibly secondary to inadequate excision or multicentricity, usually become apparent within the first year after surgery. In instances of inoperable recurrence or where clear margins are impossible to obtain, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy have been used, but too few examples exist for preferences to be established.

Although MNTI is an aggressive benign tumor, malignant variants have been reported, ranging from 1.5% of total MNTI to 2.1% of the maxillary subset. Metastatic spread of MNTI occurs infrequently, in less than 5% of malignant cases. Management of these rare cases is different. Few, if any, parameters exist, either clinically or histologically, to predict the development of metastatic lesions. In a few cases reported as malignant, the histologic features have taken on a neuroblastomalike appearance.

FOLLOW-UP

Section 7 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Further Outpatient Care

• Address the documented 15-20% recurrence rate in the postoperative care by monitoring the patient with physical and radiographic examination at monthly intervals for the first postoperative year.
• Permanent reconstruction of the maxillary alveolus and missing dentition may have to be delayed until after growth is completed, often in the teenage years. In the interim, transitional removable partial dentures may be necessary. The skills of an orthodontist, prosthodontist, oral surgeon, and/or dentist may be required, based on the extent of the missing structures, to correct any functional and cosmetic deformity.

Prognosis

• Most tumors are benign and effectively managed by aggressive surgical excision. Reconstruction may be challenging. Approximately 1% of tumors are malignant, with only rare tumors producing metastases.

MISCELLANEOUS

Section 8 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Medical/Legal Pitfalls

• The rapid clinical growth rate could lead to the possibility of diagnosing MNTI as a malignant lesion with subsequent overtreatment. Care must be taken to obtain a complete workup of the patient and to evaluate the histopathology to prevent this misdiagnosis.

MULTIMEDIA

Section 9 of 10  

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

Media file 1:  Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy presents as a rapidly growing bluish mass on the anterior aspect of the maxilla.
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Media type:  Photo

Media file 2:  Axial CT, bone window, noncontrasted scan demonstrates expansile lytic lesion of the left maxilla producing displacement of dental follicles.
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Media type:  CT

Media file 3:  The biphasic population of cells demonstrates alveolar structures lined by cuboidal epithelioid cells demonstrating granules of dark-brown melanin pigment. The second cell type is neuroblastic in appearance and consists of small, round, hyperchromatic cells.
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Media type:  Photo

REFERENCES

Section 10 of 10

• Authors and Editors
• Introduction
• Clinical
• Differentials
• Workup
• Treatment
• Follow-up
• Miscellaneous
• Multimedia
• References

• Borello ED, Gorlin RJ. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy--a neoplasm of neural crese origin. Report of a case associated with high urinary excretion of vanilmandelic acid. Cancer. Feb 1966;19(2):196-206. [Medline].
• Bouckaert MM, Raubenheimer EJ. Gigantiform melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Nov 1998;86(5):569-72. [Medline].
• Dammann O, Hagel C, Allers B, et al. Malignant melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Childs Nerv Syst. Mar 1995;11(3):186-8. [Medline].
• Dashti SR, Cohen ML, Cohen AR. Role of radical surgery for intracranial melanotic neuroectodermal tumorof infancy: case report. Neurosurgery. Jul 1999;45(1):175-8. [Medline].
• Fletcher C. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and flow cytometry study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;17:566-73.
• Gaiger de Oliveira M, Thompson LD, Chaves AC, et al. Management of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Ann Diagn Pathol. Aug 2004;8(4):207-12. [Medline].
• Hoffman S, Jacoway J, Krolls S. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. In: AFIP fascicle 24: Intraosseous and Parosteal Tumors of the Jaws. 1987:165-169.
• Hoshina Y, Hamamoto Y, Suzuki I, et al. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy in the mandible: report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. May 2000;89(5):594-9. [Medline].
• Kapadia SB, Frisman DM, Hitchcock CL, et al. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. Clinicopathological,immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study. Am J Surg Pathol. Jun 1993;17(6):566-73. [Medline].
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• Khoddami M, Squire J, Zielenska M, Thorner P. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: a molecular genetic study. Pediatr Dev Pathol. Jul-Aug 1998;1(4):295-9. [Medline].
• Krompecher Z. Zur histogenese and morphologic den adamantinome und sonstiger kiefergeschwulste. Beitr Pathol Anat. 1918;165-97.
• Liu HH, Chen TW, Chang HS. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy in the maxilla: a case report. Int J Paediatr Dent. Sep 2004;14(5):371-5. [Medline].
• Massachusetts General Hospital. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 7-2001. A male infant with a right maxillary mass. N Engl J Med. Mar 8 2001;344(10):750-7. [Medline].
• Matsumoto M, Sakuma J, Suzuki K, et al. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy in the skull: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. Mar 2005;63(3):275-80. [Medline].
• Nelson ZL, Newman L, Loukota RA, Williams DM. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Dec 1995;33(6):375-80. [Medline].
• Neville B, Damm D, Allen C. Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy. 1995:385-386.
• Oruckaptan HH, Soylemezoglu F, Kutluk T, Akalan N. Benign melanocytic tumor in infancy: discussion on a rare case and reviewof the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. May 2000;32(5):240-7. [Medline].
• Puchalski R, Shah UK, Carpentieri D, et al. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) of the hard palate: presentation and management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. Jun 30 2000;53(2):163-8. [Medline].
• Woessmann W, Neugebauer M, Gossen R, et al. Successful chemotherapy for melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy in a baby. Med Pediatr Oncol. Mar 2003;40(3):198-9. [Medline].

Article Last Updated: Feb 7, 2007