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  1. Characteristic of the MS lesion border is the location of oligodendrocytes, which appear:

    A. Trapped within the MS lesion in spite of their migratory propensity
    B. To line up at the lesion margin but not to cross into the MS lesion
    C. To congregate on either side of the MS lesion
    D. To equilibrate without regard for distinctions between MS lesions and healthy myelin

  2. Which of the following cytokine functions in T-cell activation is incorrect?

    A. IL-23 may induce Th1 and IL-17-producing T cells
    B. IL-12 induces Th1 CD4+ T-cell differentiation
    C. IL-17 stimulates macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells
    D. IL-12 induces Th2 CD8+ T-cell differentiation

  3. Which of the oral MS medications induces rapid and reversible sequestration of lymphocytes in lymph nodes and prevents activated and autoreactive cells from migrating to target organs?

    A. Cladribine
    B. Fumarate
    C. Fingolimod
    D. Teriflunomide

  4. Which oral MS medication is derived from a parent compound that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

    A. Cladribine
    B. Fumarate
    C. Fingolimod
    D. Teriflunomide

  5. In a single-center phase 2 relapsing-remitting MS trial, cladribine significantly reduced relapse frequency and achieved complete suppression of contrast enhancement after how many months?

    A. 6 months
    B. 4 months
    C. 8 months
    D. 10 months

  6. Which therapeutic agent is tailored to each individual MS patient's immune cell response to a panel of proteins?

    A. Fingolimod
    B. Tovaxin
    C. MBP 8298
    D. Alemtuzumab

  7. Which of the following statements concerning the mechanisms of antigen-specific tolerance induction is false?

    A. Low-dose tolerance has been used for the treatment of allergy.
    B. High-dose tolerance has not been successfully applied to human disease
    C. Deletion, anergy, and suppression of antigen-specific immune cells have been postulated
    D. None of the above

  8. Which of the following monoclonal antibodies is an anti-CD25 agent and targets the IL-2 receptor-alpha chain?

    A. Rituximab
    B. Alemtuzumab
    C. Daclizumab
    D. Natalizumab

  9. Which of the following monoclonal antibodies is FDA-approved to treat B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and targets CD52 on B and T cells, monocytes, and eosinophils?

    A. Rituximab
    B. Alemtuzumab
    C. Daclizumab
    D. Natalizumab

  10. Which is the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that targets B cells?

    A. Rituximab
    B. Alemtuzumab
    C. Daclizumab
    D. Natalizumab