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Clinical Procedures > Anesthetic and Analgesic Techniques
Nerve Block, Supraorbital
Article Last Updated: May 13, 2008
AUTHOR AND EDITOR INFORMATION
Section 1 of 13  
Author: Michelle Marie Davitt, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Moses Division, Montefiore Medical Center
Michelle Marie Davitt is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Coauthor(s):
Karen M Byrne, MD, BS, Chief Resident, Jacobi/Montefiore Emergency Medicine Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
Editors: Luis M Lovato, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Director of Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View/UCLA Medical Center; Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine.com, Inc; Rick Kulkarni, MD, Medical Director, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital
Author and Editor Disclosure
Synonyms and related keywords:
supraorbital nerve, nerve block, facial block, regional anesthesia, supraorbital nerve block, ophthalmic nerve, trigeminal nerve, regional block
The supraorbital nerve block is often used to accomplish regional anesthesia of the face because it offers several advantages over local tissue infiltration. A nerve block often achieves anesthesia with a smaller amount of medication than is required for local infiltration. In addition, unlike local tissue infiltration, nerve blocks can provide anesthesia without causing tissue distortion. Therefore, the supraorbital nerve block is a convenient alternative for situations such as facial lacerations in which tissue distortion would be unacceptable.
In general, regional anesthesia is ideal when the area of interest is innervated by one superficial nerve. The supraorbital nerve supplies sensory innervation to the upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp, extending almost to the lambdoidal suture. Since the supraorbital nerve provides a considerably large area of sensory innervation, it is a prime candidate for a regional nerve block.
Area of anesthesia for supraorbital nerve block.
The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), provides sensory innervation to the face.1 The first division (V1) is the ophthalmic nerve, which splits into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches. The frontal nerve then further divides into the supraorbital nerve and the supratrochlear nerve. The supraorbital nerve exits the skull through the supraorbital foramen (giving off palpebral filaments to the upper eyelid) and travels toward the forehead, ending in a medial branch and a lateral branch. These branches supply the integument of the scalp, reaching nearly as far back as the lambdoidal suture. For a detailed description of orbital anatomy, please see eMedicine’s Orbit Anatomy article.
Supraorbital nerve.
- Wound closure (For more information, see Medscape's Wound Management Resource Center.)
- Pain relief
- Anesthesia for debridement
- Contraindication to general anesthesia
- Any allergy or sensitivity to the anesthetic agent
- Evidence of infection at the injection site
- Distortion of anatomical landmarks
- Uncooperative patient
- A supraorbital nerve block requires 1-3 mL of the chosen anesthetic agent.
- Lidocaine (Xylocaine) is the most commonly used agent.
- The onset of action for lidocaine is approximately 4-6 minutes.
- The duration of effect is approximately 75 minutes.
- Bupivacaine (Marcaine) is another frequently used anesthetic agent.
- The onset of action of bupivacaine is slower than that of lidocaine.
- The duration of anesthesia of bupivacaine is about 4-8 times longer than that of lidocaine.
- The dose of anesthetic used in typical volumes for this procedure is not toxic.
- For more information, see Local Anesthetic Agents, Infiltrative Administration.
- Luer-Lok syringe, 3 mL
- Needle, 25-27 gauge (ga), 1.5 in
- Anesthetic agent (ie, lidocaine 1% [10 mg/mL])
- Gloves (nonsterile and sterile)
- Supine on stretcher
- Seated in ENT or regular chair
- Obtain informed consent.
- The supraorbital nerve exits the supraorbital foramen, which lies approximately 2-3 cm lateral to the midline of the face, at the inferior edge of the supraorbital ridge.
- To locate the supraorbital foramen, have the patient look straight ahead and imagine a line drawn vertically (sagittally) from the pupil up toward the inferior border of the supraorbital ridge. Then palpate along the supraorbital ridge until a subtle notch is felt; this is the supraorbital foramen.
- Prepare the skin using sterile technique with a povidone-iodine solution (eg, Betadine) and sterile gauze.
- Using sterile technique, palpate the superior orbital ridge and locate the supraorbital foramen again. Using a sterile needle and syringe, raise a small skin wheal over the area.
- To prevent swelling of the anesthetic into the upper eyelid, several authors recommend firmly placing either a finger or a roll of gauze under the orbital rim.
- Slowly introduce the needle at a perpendicular angle immediately superior to the supraorbital notch. Eliciting paresthesia confirms that the needle tip is in close proximity to the nerve. If paresthesia is elicited, the needle must be withdrawn 1-2 mm before the anesthetic is injected to avoid intraneural injection.
- To decrease the risk of directly injecting into an artery or vein, aspirate prior to injection.
- Taking care not to inject directly into the foramen, introduce 1-3 mL of anesthetic in the area of the supraorbital notch.
- If the needle tip is in proper position, slow injection of the anesthetic should be minimally painful and should meet no resistance. If paresthesia occurs during injection, the needle must be repositioned.
- If the nerve block is unsuccessful, a field block of the forehead is a useful alternative. This is accomplished by depositing a line of anesthetic solution along the orbital rim from the lateral to the medial aspect. This technique ensures block of all of the branches of the ophthalmic nerve.
- Bleeding
- Hematoma formation
- Allergic or systemic reaction to anesthetic agent
- Infection
- Unintentional injection into artery or vein
- Failure to anesthetize
- Nerve damage
- Swelling of the eyelid
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Albert Izzo for his contributions to this article.
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Area of anesthesia for supraorbital nerve block. |
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- Gray H, Lewis WH. Anatomy of the Human Body: 5e. The Trigeminal Nerve. Bartleby.com. Available at http://www.bartleby.com/107/200.html. Accessed May 13, 2008.
- Amsterdam JT, Kilgore KP. Regional anesthesia of the head and neck. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR. Clinical procedures in emergency medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2004:552-566.
- Taleghani NN, Sternbach G. Facial and oral blocks: supraorbital nerve block. In: Rosen P, Chan TC, Vilke GM, Sternbach G. Atlas of emergency procedures. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001:158-159.
- Trott AT. Wounds and lacerations: emergency care and closure. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997.
Nerve Block, Supraorbital excerpt Article Last Updated: May 13, 2008
Topic originally published: May 13, 2008
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